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Saline is in the crystalloid family of medications. [3] It is most commonly used as a sterile 9 g of salt per litre (0.9%) solution, known as normal saline. [1] Higher and lower concentrations may also occasionally be used. [4] [5] Saline is acidic, with a pH of 5.5 (due mainly to dissolved carbon dioxide). [6] The medical use of saline began ...
The Korean War created blood shortages and in response disposable, sterile syringes were developed for collecting blood. The widespread immunization against polio during the period required the development of a fully disposable syringe system. [14] The 1950s also saw the rise and recognition of cross-contamination from used needles.
Disposable syringe with needle, with parts labelled: plunger, barrel, needle adaptor, needle hub, needle bevel, needle shaft According to the World Health Organization, about 90% of the medical syringes are used to administer drugs, 5% for vaccinations and 5% for other uses such as blood transfusions.
Heparinised saline may be used in flushing arterial lines, to prevent clotting and blockage of the line. [citation needed] When syringes are used to perform a saline flush, it is important that the syringe not be reused for multiple patients, even though direct contact with the patient does not normally occur. [2]
Clyster entered the English language in the late 14th century from Old French or Latin, from Greek κλυστήρ (klyster), "syringe", itself from κλύζειν (klyzein), "to wash out", [72] also spelled glister in the 18th century. [73] It is a generally archaic word used more particularly for enemas administered using a clyster syringe.
Gamma radiation is very penetrating, and is commonly used for sterilization of disposable medical equipment, such as syringes, needles, cannulas and IV sets, and food. It is emitted by a radioisotope, usually cobalt-60 (60 Co) or caesium-137 (137 Cs), which have photon energies of up to 1.3 and 0.66 MeV, respectively.