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Birkhoff's axiomatic system was utilized in the secondary-school textbook by Birkhoff and Beatley. [2] These axioms were also modified by the School Mathematics Study Group to provide a new standard for teaching high school geometry, known as SMSG axioms. A few other textbooks in the foundations of geometry use variants of Birkhoff's axioms. [3]
The Elements begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school (high school) as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of mathematical proofs. It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Much of the Elements states results of what are now called algebra and number theory, explained in geometrical language. [1]
In the 1960s a new set of axioms for Euclidean geometry, suitable for American high school geometry courses, was introduced by the School Mathematics Study Group (SMSG), as a part of the New math curricula. This set of axioms follows the Birkhoff model of using the real numbers to gain quick entry into the geometric fundamentals.
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Download as PDF; Printable version; ... Euclidean plane geometry (11 C, 96 P) G. ... (4 C, 25 P) Pages in category "Planes (geometry)" The following 51 pages are in ...
The book is organized into three sections. [2] [3] The first section provides introductory material, describing different mathematical situations in which multiple curves might meet, and providing different possible explanations for this phenomenon, including symmetry, geometric transformations, and membership of the curves in a pencil of curves. [4]