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First lecture in Experimental Philosophy, London 1748. Though, in early modern philosophy, natural philosophy was sometimes referred to as "experimental philosophy", [16] the field associated with the current sense of the term dates its origins around 2000 when a small number of students experimented with the idea of fusing philosophy to the experimental rigor of psychology.
Chapter One presents a history of Western philosophy, noting that science and observation were usually an essential part of philosophy. Chapter Two deals with the challenges presented by behavioural science to ethics. Chapter Three covers intuition, and its role in ethics.
The main role of observations and experiments in science, he argued, is in attempts to criticize and refute existing theories. [ 13 ] Some philosophers, like Nelson Goodman, have attempted to solve the problem by appealing to the notion of entrenchment or the natural kinds that form the basis of our inductive practices.
Closely related to the history of philosophy is the historiography of philosophy, which examines the methods used by historians of philosophy. It is also interested in how dominant opinions in this field have changed over time. [6] Different methods and approaches are used to study the history of philosophy.
Experimentalists maintain that political and moral concepts arise because of conflict, hence consider experience and history as essential. [4] It is also maintained that the experimental attitude is based on the principle of fallibilism , operating with the notion that outcomes of prior inquiries are not absolutely certain or already known and ...
Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition , or revelation .
The method of experimental philosophy can be used both in a negative or a positive program. As a negative program, it aims to challenge traditional philosophical movements and positions. This can be done, for example, by showing how the intuitions used to defend certain claims vary a lot depending on factors such as culture , gender , or ...
The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, as distinct from the history of science itself. The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the ...