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Some demosponge subclasses and orders are actually polyphyletic or should be included in other orders, so that Morrow and Cárdenas (2015) officially propose to abandon certain names: these are the Ceractinomorpha, Tetractinomorpha, Halisarcida, Verticillitida, Lithistida, Halichondrida and Hadromerida.
It is the most speciose demosponge order with over 2200 species (World Porifera Database [2]). It contains about 25 recognised families . They are characterised by having chelae microscleres, that is, the minute spicules scattered through the tissues, usually in the 10-60 μm range, have a shovel-like structure on the end.
Haplosclerida is an order of demosponges. It contains the following families: [1] Calcifibrospongiidae Hartman, 1979; Callyspongiidae de Laubenfels, 1936; Chalinidae Gray, 1867; Niphatidae Van Soest, 1980; Petrosiidae Van Soest, 1980; Phloeodictyidae Carter, 1882
Cladorhizidae is a family of carnivorous demosponges found in deep-sea environments worldwide. These sponges are known for their unique feeding structures and predatory behavior, as they capture and consume small animals such as crustaceans.
Sponge loop hypothesis. Steps of the sponge loop pathway: (1) corals and algae release exudates as dissolved organic matter (DOM), (2) sponges take up DOM, (3) sponges release detrital particulate organic matter (POM), (4) sponge detritus (POM) is taken up by sponge-associated and free-living detritivores. [61] [63] [75] The sponge holobiont.
Dictyoceratida is an order of sponges in the subclass Ceractinomorpha containing five families. [1] Along with the Dendroceratida, it is one of the two orders of demosponges that make up the keratose or "horny" sponges, in which a mineral skeleton is minimal or absent and a skeleton of organic fibers containing spongin, a collagen-like material, is present instead.
Dendroceratida is an order of sponges of the class Demospongiae. [1] They are typically found in shallow coastal and tidal areas of most coasts around the world. They are generally characterized by concentric layers of fibers containing spongin (a collagen-like material), and by large flagellated chambers that open directly into the exhalant canals.
Niphatidae is a family of demosponges in the order Haplosclerida, first described in 1980 by Rob van Soest. [1] [2] It contains the following genera: [1] Amphimedon Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864; Cribrochalina Schmidt, 1870; Dasychalina Ridley & Dendy, 1886; Gelliodes Ridley, 1884; Haliclonissa Burton, 1932; Hemigellius Burton, 1932; Microxina ...