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Atenolol has been associated with intrauterine growth retardation, as well as decreased placental growth and weight when prescribed during pregnancy. ACEis and ARBs are contraindicated in women who are or who intend to become pregnant. [47] Periodontal disease could mitigate the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. [68] Race.
Drug treatment options are limited, as many antihypertensives may negatively affect the fetus. ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and direct renin inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy as they are teratogenic. Methyldopa, hydralazine, nifedipine, and labetalol are most commonly used for severe pregnancy hypertension. [7]
The ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in people with: [citation needed] Pregnancy or breastfeeding; Previous angioedema associated with ACE inhibitor therapy; Bilateral renal artery stenosis [34] [35] Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors [35] ACE inhibitors should be used with caution in people with: [citation needed] Impaired renal function
Trandolapril is teratogenic (US: pregnancy category D) and can cause birth defects and even death of the developing fetus. The highest risk to the fetus is during the second and third trimesters. When pregnancy is detected, trandolapril should be discontinued as soon as possible. Trandolapril should not be administered to nursing mothers ...
Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby. [7] Lisinopril works by inhibiting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. [7] Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987. [7] [11] It is available as a generic medication. [7]
Combined L-/T-type Ca2+ channel blockers, such as Efonidipine, display antihypertensive efficacy similar to their predecessors (Amlodipine) with much less propensity of pedal edema formation. Efonidipine equalizes the hydrostatic pressure across the capillary bed through equal arteriolar and venular dilatation, thus reducing vasodilatory edema.
The general effects of atenolol, including beta-blocking and antihypertensive effects, last for at least 24 hours following oral doses of 50 or 100 mg. [4] With intravenous administration, maximal reduction in exercise-related tachycardia occurs within 5 minutes and following a single 10 mg dose has dissipated within 12 hours. [4]
When methyldopa was first introduced, it was the mainstay of antihypertensive treatment, but its use has declined on account of relatively severe adverse side effects, with increased use of other safer and more tolerable agents such as alpha blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers.