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The Indian Act (French: Loi sur les Indiens) is a Canadian Act of Parliament that concerns registered Indians, their bands, and the system of Indian reserves. [3] [4] [a] First passed in 1876 and still in force with amendments, it is the primary document that defines how the Government of Canada interacts with the 614 First Nation bands in Canada and their members.
After the defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876, Congress responded by attaching what the Sioux call the "sell or starve" rider (19 Stat. 192) to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1876 (enacted August 15, 1876) which cut off all rations for the Sioux until they terminated hostilities and ceded the Black Hills to the United States.
The system began with laws before Confederation and was mainly active after the Indian Act was passed in 1876. [8] Attendance at these schools became compulsory in 1894, and many schools were located far from Indigenous communities to limit family contact. By the 1930s, about 30 percent of Indigenous children were attending residential schools. [9]
The act introduced several policies and regulations for the supervision of Indigenous peoples in Canada, notably the establishment of elected band councils. It updated the 1857 Gradual Civilization Act and was itself superseded in 1876 by the Indian Act.
In the following years, negotiations took place to acquire full control of the region with the creation of the Rupert's Land Act of 1868 and the North-Western Territory Transfer Act of 1870. [17] Even though the government acquired the land from the Hudson's Bay Company , they failed to have full control and use of the land; this transfer ...
The rights and freedoms of Canada's First Nations people have been governed by the Indian Act since its enactment in 1876 [18] by the Parliament of Canada. The provisions of Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 , provided Canada's federal government exclusive authority to legislate in relation to "Indians and Lands Reserved for Indians".
The act was updated by the 1869 Gradual Enfranchisement Act of the post-Confederation Dominion of Canada. [7] Policies from both of these acts were incorporated into the Indian Act of 1876, [7] which still governs the legal relationship between the Canadian government and First Nations peoples, albeit with numerous amendments. [8]
The Indian Appropriations Act is the name of several acts passed by the United States Congress.A considerable number of acts were passed under the same name throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, but the most notable landmark acts consist of the Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs of 1851 [1] and the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act.