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An optical ground wire (also known as an OPGW or, in the IEEE standard, an optical fiber composite overhead ground wire) is a type of cable that is used in overhead power lines. Such cable combines the functions of grounding and communications .
(dB) ≈ 36.6 dB + 20 log10[frequency (MHz)] + 20 log10[distance (miles)] These alternative forms can be derived by substituting wavelength with the ratio of propagation velocity ( c , approximately 3 × 10 8 m/s ) divided by frequency, and by inserting the proper conversion factors between km or miles and meters, and between MHz and (1/s).
Wireless backhaul is easy to deploy, cost efficient and can provide high capacity connectivity, e.g., multiple gigabits per second, and even tens of Gbps. Wireline fiber backhaul, on the other hand, can provide practically endless capacity, but requires investment in deploying fiber as well as in optical equipment.
Fiber cables are generally supported on the lower cross-arms of the tower, which provides good clearance to the ground. When the fibers are installed in the middle of a tower, the fiber cable is unlikely to hit energized conductors. Lower weights and forces are used for installation, compared with metallic cables, so lighter equipment can be used.
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Canada's DATAPAC was the world's first public data network designed specifically for X.25 when it opened for use in 1976. [7]A 1983 project to network approximately 20 Canadian universities was initiated and driven at the University of Guelph by a small team including Bob McQueen, Kent Percival and Peter Jaspers-Fayer with the aim to share files and transfer emails.
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This was the result of San Francisco supervisors' vote to adopt a resolution to encourage certain city departments to consider installing FTTP for use primarily in city operations. This then evolved into the fiber feasibility study which also includes "services to businesses and residents." The study estimated build-out costs of $564 million.