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The mean response rate for new cancer drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, expressed as relative risk, ranges between 1.38x [3] and 2.37x. [ 4 ] See also
Underlying the risk models is a large body of epidemiological and radiobiological data. In general, results from both lines of research are consistent with a linear, no-threshold dose (LNT) response model in which the risk of inducing a cancer in an irradiated tissue by low doses of radiation is proportional to the dose to that tissue
A recent retrospective case-control study of lung cancer risk showed substantial cancer rate reduction between 50 and 123 Bq per cubic meter relative to a group at zero to 25 Bq per cubic meter. [33] This study is cited as evidence for hormesis, but a single study all by itself cannot be regarded as definitive.
Alternative assumptions for the extrapolation of the cancer risk vs. radiation dose to low-dose levels, given a known risk at a high dose: supra-linearity (A), linear (B), linear-quadratic (C) and hormesis (D). The linear dose-response model suggests that any increase in dose, no matter how small, results in an incremental increase in risk.
Radiation can increase the risk of heart disease and death as observed in previous breast cancer RT regimens. [32] Therapeutic radiation increases the risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event (i.e., heart attack or stroke) by 1.5 to 4 times a person's normal rate, aggravating factors included. [ 33 ]
U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy warned in a recent advisory about alcohol use increasing cancer risk. The advisory notes that alcohol can increase the risk of throat, liver, esophageal ...
Cancer slope factors (CSF) are used to estimate the risk of cancer associated with exposure to a carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic substance. A slope factor is an upper bound, approximating a 95% confidence limit , on the increased cancer risk from a lifetime exposure to an agent by ingestion or inhalation .
In males, researchers suggest that the overall reduction in cancer death rates is due in large part to a reduction in tobacco use over the last half century, estimating that the reduction in lung cancer caused by tobacco smoking accounts for about 40% of the overall reduction in cancer death rates in men and is responsible for preventing at least 146,000 lung cancer deaths in men during the ...