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The United States loses almost 3 tons of topsoil per acre per year. [16] 1 inch (2.5 cm) of topsoil can take between 500 [17] and 1,000 years [18] to form naturally, making the rate of topsoil erosion a serious ecological concern. Based on 2014 trends, the world has about 60 years of topsoil left.
[1] Fill dirt is usually subsoil (soil from beneath topsoil ) and underlying soil parent material which has little soil organic matter or biological activity . Fill dirt is taken from a location where soil is being removed as a part of leveling an area for construction; it may also contain sand, rocks, and stones, as well as earth.
It is also used to describe a topsoil horizon that contains organic matter (humus type, [4] humus form, [5] or humus profile [6]). Humus has many nutrients that improve the health of soil, nitrogen being the most important. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen of humus commonly ranges between 8:1 and 15:1 with the median being about 12:1. [7]
Histosols: Must have histic epipedon; usually aquic soil moisture regime; no diagnostic subsurface horizons; rapid decomposition when aerated; peat or bog; >20% organic matter; organic soil materials extending down to an impermeable layer or with an organic layer that is more than 40 cm thick and without andic properties; commonly in wetlands ...
Cu < 4 and/or Cc < 1 or Cc > 3 GP Poorly graded gravel Gravels with Fines. More than 12% fines Fines classify as ML or MH GM Silty Gravel Fines classify as CL or CH GC Clayey gravel Sands. 50% or more of coarse fraction passes No.4 sieve Clean Sands. Less than 5% fines Cu ≥ 6 and 1 ≤ Cc ≤ 3 SW Well-graded sand Cu < 6 and/or Cc < 1 or Cc ...
[1] [2] Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality. [3] It also refers to the soil's ability to supply plant/crop nutrients in the right quantities and qualities over a sustained period of time.
In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan or soil pan is a dense layer of soil, usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer. [1] There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil that fuse ...
[1] [2] Accordingly, soil is a three-state system of solids, liquids, and gases. [3] Soil is a product of several factors: the influence of climate , relief (elevation, orientation, and slope of terrain), organisms, and the soil's parent materials (original minerals) interacting over time. [ 4 ]