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Modern graphics cards use a freely programmable, shader-controlled pipeline, which allows direct access to individual processing steps. To relieve the main processor, additional processing steps have been moved to the pipeline and the GPU. The most important shader units are vertex shaders, geometry shaders, and pixel shaders.
RotSprite is a scaling and rotation algorithm for sprites developed by Xenowhirl. It produces far fewer artifacts than nearest-neighbor rotation algorithms, and like EPX, it does not introduce new colors into the image (unlike most interpolation systems). [21]
Today it is also present as a feature of game development software like Unreal Engine, Bevy, Urho3D, and Unity 3D. [5] The technique can be used to manipulate both bitmap/raster graphics and vector graphics. A current implementation of the 9-slice technique is present on the CSS 3 Backgrounds and Borders spec [6] by using the border-image property.
The shader can then emit zero or more primitives, which are rasterized and their fragments ultimately passed to a pixel shader. Typical uses of a geometry shader include point sprite generation, geometry tessellation, shadow volume extrusion, and single pass rendering to a cube map. A typical real-world example of the benefits of geometry ...
The shader does not (or cannot) directly access 3D data for the entire scene (this would be very slow, and would result in an algorithm similar to ray tracing) and a variety of techniques have been developed to render effects like shadows and reflections using only texture mapping and multiple passes. [26]: 17.8
The illumination models listed here attempt to model the perceived brightness of a surface or a component of the brightness in a way that looks realistic.
The result is that the object is drawn with a black outline and interior contour lines. The term "cel-shading" is popularly used to refer to the application of this "ink" outlining process in animation and games, although originally the term referred to the flat shading technique regardless of whether the outline was applied.
As the number of profile and shader types cropped up, Microsoft has switched to use the term "Shader Model" to group a set of profiles found in a generation of GPUs. [9] Cg supports some of the newer profiles up to Shader Model 5.0 as well as translation to glsl or hlsl.