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The generating function approach is directly connected to the multipole expansion in electrostatics, as explained below, and is how the polynomials were first defined by Legendre in 1782. Definition via differential equation
The general Legendre equation reads ″ ′ + [(+)] =, where the numbers λ and μ may be complex, and are called the degree and order of the relevant function, respectively. . The polynomial solutions when λ is an integer (denoted n), and μ = 0 are the Legendre polynomials P n; and when λ is an integer (denoted n), and μ = m is also an integer with | m | < n are the associated Legendre ...
When in addition m is even, the function is a polynomial. When m is zero and ℓ integer, these functions are identical to the Legendre polynomials. In general, when ℓ and m are integers, the regular solutions are sometimes called "associated Legendre polynomials", even though they are not polynomials when m is odd.
A simple argument using Cauchy's integral formula shows that the orthogonal polynomials obtained from the Rodrigues formula have a generating function of the form (,) = = The () functions here may not have the standard normalizations. But we can write this equivalently as
The most commonly used orthogonal polynomials are orthogonal for a measure with support in a real interval. This includes: The classical orthogonal polynomials (Jacobi polynomials, Laguerre polynomials, Hermite polynomials, and their special cases Gegenbauer polynomials, Chebyshev polynomials and Legendre polynomials).
The function () is defined on the interval [,].For a given , the difference () takes the maximum at ′.Thus, the Legendre transformation of () is () = ′ (′).. In mathematics, the Legendre transformation (or Legendre transform), first introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1787 when studying the minimal surface problem, [1] is an involutive transformation on real-valued functions that are ...
The main article gives examples of generating functions for many sequences. Other examples of generating function variants include Dirichlet generating functions (DGFs), Lambert series, and Newton series. In this article we focus on transformations of generating functions in mathematics and keep a running list of useful transformations and ...
Here, the eigenvector, (), is a scaled and shifted discrete Chebyshev polynomial, and the corresponding eigenvalue, (), is the Legendre polynomial. Relation to Bessel functions [ edit ]