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Generally speaking, there is a trade-off between maximum torque multiplication and efficiency—high stall ratio converters tend to be relatively inefficient around the coupling speed, whereas low stall ratio converters tend to provide less possible torque multiplication.
The original Ultramatic did not switch automatically between high and low gearing ratios. The driver selected "high-range" or "low-range" ratios through the column shift lever. The intention was that in normal driving, the high (1:1) ratio would be selected at all times, and the two stage, dual turbine torque converter (actually a total of four ...
The "MH1" 4T80-E is able to handle vehicles up to 8000 lb (3628.74 kg) GVWR. The final drive ratio is 3.11:1, 3.48:1, or 3.71:1. The 4T80 uses a viscous torque converter clutch, which was replaced with EC3 (electronically controlled converter clutch) in 2005.
The aluminum die-cast case is 10 % lighter, yet 30 % more rigid, even with two additional gears and a 22 % greater torque capacity the new transmission weighs 95 kg (209 lb) or 10 % more than the previous unit. With new micro-laser technology gear tooth production tolerances have been reduced 50 %.
It was designed to start in low gear, providing a gear ratio of 1.765:1 plus the additional low-speed multiplication of the torque converter. The shift pattern was Park-Reverse-Neutral-Drive-Low. In Drive at full throttle, it would upshift from low gear to high gear at 60–65 mph (97–105 km/h).
The 5G-Tronic (model W5A 330 and W5A 580 · type 722.6) is an electronically shifted 5-speed overdrive automatic transmission with torque converter lock-up (typically in gears 3, 4 and 5) and 2-speed for reverse.