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Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a condition affecting the vocal cords. [1] It is characterized by abnormal closure of the vocal folds, which can result in significant difficulties and distress during breathing , particularly during inhalation .
Laryngospasm is an uncontrolled or involuntary muscular contraction of the vocal folds. [1] It may be triggered when the vocal cords or the area of the trachea below the vocal folds detects the entry of water, mucus, blood, or other substance.
Stroboscopy allows the visualization of vocal cord movement, which vibrate too quickly for human eye to perceive. [15] When assessing the vocal cords, the most common finding in MTD is a posterior glottic gap. [2] Other findings include increased movement of the vocal folds towards one another, and changes in the angles of the vocal fold ...
Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. The RLN is important for speaking, breathing and swallowing.
Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. [1] [2] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. [1]
Type 1 thyroplasty – Medialization of the vocal folds (most common surgery for unilateral vocal cord paralysis). Type 2 thyroplasty – Lateralization of the vocal folds (in case of airway insufficiency after Laryngeal trauma). Type 3 thyroplasty – Shortening of the vocal folds (done to lower the vocal pitch).
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Medical and surgical treatments have been recommended to treat organic dysphonias. An effective treatment for spasmodic dysphonia (hoarseness resulting from periodic breaks in phonation due to hyperadduction of the vocal folds) is botulinum toxin injection. [8] [41] The toxin acts by blocking acetylcholine release at the thyro-arytenoid muscle ...