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The adenosine A2A receptor has also been shown to play a regulatory role in the adaptive immune system. In this role, it functions similarly to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte associated protein-4 ( CTLA-4 ) receptors, namely to suppress immunologic response and prevent associated tissue damage.
Caffeine keeps you awake by blocking adenosine receptors. Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap. [3] For instance, both A 1 receptors and A 2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A 2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. [4]
The activation of the adenosine A1 receptor is required for osteoclast differentiation and function, whereas the activation of the adenosine A2A receptor inhibits osteoclast function. The other three adenosine receptors are involved in bone formation. [48]
A 1 receptors are implicated in sleep promotion by inhibiting wake-promoting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. [6] A 1 receptors are also present in smooth muscle throughout the vascular system. [7] The adenosine A 1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body. [citation needed]
A 2A receptor antagonists may prevent hepatic cirrhosis, and pentoxifylline may inhibit phosphodiesterase and provide renal protection. [6]The A 2A receptor antagonists may be used for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (), because of the receptors ability to regulate neurotransmission in the basal ganglia and cortex, particularly dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling.
SCH-58261 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the adenosine receptor A 2A, with more than 50x selectivity for A 2A over other adenosine receptors. [1] It has been used to investigate the mechanism of action of caffeine, which is a mixed A 1 / A 2A antagonist, and has shown that the A 2A receptor is primarily responsible for the stimulant and ergogenic effects of ...
Such heteromers may be between receptors from the same family (e.g., adenosine A 1 /A 2A heteromers [9] [10] and dopamine D 1 /D 2 [11] and D 1 /D 3 heteromers [12]) or between entirely unrelated receptors such as CB 1 /A 2A, [13] glutamate mGluR 5 / adenosine A 2A heteromers, [14] cannabinoid CB 1 / dopamine D 2 heteromers, [15] and even CB 1 ...
Two subtypes of adenosine A 2 receptors are known. Both are G protein-coupled adenosine receptors: Adenosine A 2A receptor; Adenosine A 2B receptor