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Plastic pollution on land poses a threat to the plants and animals – including humans who are based on the land. [87] Estimates of the amount of plastic concentration on land are between four and twenty three times that of the ocean. The amount of plastic poised on the land is greater and more concentrated than that in the water. [88]
The effect varied depending on the different bacterial species present in the lake water – lakes with more different species were better at breaking down plastic pollution.
Plastic pollution has the potential to poison animals, which can then adversely affect human food supplies. [161] [162] Plastic pollution has been described as being highly detrimental to large marine mammals, described in the book Introduction to Marine Biology as posing the "single greatest threat" to them. [163]
A more recent concern in microplastic pollution is the use of plastic films in agriculture. 7.4 million tons of plastic film are used each year to increase food production. [22] Scientists have found that microbial biofilms can form within 7–14 days on plastic film surfaces, and have the ability to alter the chemical properties of the soil ...
Over 700 marine species, including half of the world’s cetaceans (such as whales and dolphins), all of its sea turtles, and a third of its seabirds, are known to ingest plastic.
Invasive plant species cost the global economy billions of dollars. In Kenya, water hyacinth may have finally met its match. This alien plant is lethal for the environment.