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A number of concepts [57] and paradigms are specific to functional programming, and generally foreign to imperative programming (including object-oriented programming). However, programming languages often cater to several programming paradigms, so programmers using "mostly imperative" languages may have utilized some of these concepts. [58]
Class-based object-oriented programming languages support objects defined by their class. Class definitions include member data. Message passing is a key concept, if not the main concept, in object-oriented languages. Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called methods.
Functional programming languages tend to rely on tail call optimization and higher-order functions instead of imperative looping constructs. Many functional languages, however, are in fact impurely functional and offer imperative/procedural constructs that allow the programmer to write programs in procedural style, or in a combination of both ...
Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets) Declarative programming – describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes c.f. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)
Functional Procedural Generic Reflective Other paradigms Standardized; 1C:Enterprise programming language: Application, RAD, business, general, web, mobile: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Object-based, Prototype-based programming No ActionScript: Application, client-side, web Yes Yes Yes Yes No No prototype-based: Yes
In object-oriented programming, programs are treated as a set of interacting objects. In functional programming , programs are treated as a sequence of stateless function evaluations. When programming computers or systems with many processors, in process-oriented programming , programs are treated as sets of concurrent processes that act on a ...
Object-oriented imperative languages developed by combining the need for classes and the need for safe functional programming. [21] A function, in an object-oriented language, is assigned to a class. An assigned function is then referred to as a method, member function, or operation. Object-oriented programming is executing operations on ...
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, [1] which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods).