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Peru, [e] officially the Republic of Peru, [f] is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean.
The history of Peru spans 15 millennia, [1] extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the six cradles of civilization in the world.
Peru has a population of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At 1,285,216 km 2 (496,225 sq mi), Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.
Peru's environmental issues include deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the coast and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes. Peru is a party to the following international environmental agreements:
According to early Spanish articles, the Lima area was once called Itchyma, [citation needed] after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the Rímac Valley had come to be known by visitors as Limaq (Limaq, pronounced , which means "talker" or "speaker" in the coastal Quechua that was the area's primary language ...
Claudio Pizarro, former captain of the Peru national football team. Football is the most popular sport in Peru. [30] [31] Football in Peru is governed by the Peruvian Football Federation (PFF), which organizes the men's and women's national teams.
The President of Peru is the head of state and the head of government, who is elected to a term of five years; incumbents cannot be re-elected for a second consecutive term. [1] Family members may also not immediately succeed in another family member's presidency. [ 2 ]
Machu Picchu [a] is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a mountain ridge at 2,430 meters (7,970 ft). [9] Often referred to as the "Lost City of the Incas", [10] it is the most familiar icon of the Inca Empire.