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The presence of such a gap suggested communication via chemical messengers traversing the synaptic cleft, and in 1921 German pharmacologist Otto Loewi confirmed that neurons can communicate by releasing chemicals. Through a series of experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to manually slow the heart rate of frogs by ...
A chemical message is any compound that serves to transmit a message, and may refer to: Hormone, long range chemical messenger; Neurotransmitter, communicates to adjacent cells; Neuropeptide, a protein sequence which acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter. The blood or other body fluids transport neuropeptides to non adjacent target cells, where ...
Neurochemistry is the study of the different types, structures, and functions of neurons and their chemical components. Chemical signaling between neurons is mediated by neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones, neuromodulators, and many other types of signaling molecules.
Recent studies in a myriad of systems have shown that most, if not all, neurons release several different chemical messengers. [17] Cotransmission allows for more complex effects at postsynaptic receptors , and thus allows for more complex communication to occur between neurons.
Ligand-gated ion channel. Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are one type of ionotropic receptor or channel-linked receptor.They are a group of transmembrane ion channels that are opened or closed in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e., a ligand), [7] such as a neurotransmitter.
The intracellular domain is responsible for the initiation of a cascade of chemical reactions which ultimately triggers the specific cellular function controlled by the receptor. Enzyme-linked receptors are transmembrane proteins with an extracellular domain responsible for binding a specific ligand and an intracellular domain with enzymatic or ...
In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems. [1] These signals are typically chemical messengers [nb 1] which bind to a receptor and produce physiological responses such as change in the electrical activity of a cell.
A pheromone (from Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō) 'to bear' and hormone) is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals. [ 1 ]