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  2. Substantive due process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_due_process

    The courts have largely abandoned the Lochner era approach (c. 1897–1937), when substantive due process was used to strike down minimum wage and labor laws to protect freedom of contract. Since then, the Supreme Court has decided that the Constitution protects numerous other freedoms, even if they are not in the text.

  3. Hardship clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardship_clause

    Hardship is a reason for a change in the contractual program of the parties. The aim of the parties remains to implement the contract. Force majeure, however, is situated in the context of nonperformance and deals with the suspension or termination of the contract. [3]

  4. Cesarini v. United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarini_v._United_States

    Plaintiffs exchanged the old currency for new at a bank and reported $4,467.00 on their 1964 joint U.S. federal income tax return as ordinary income from other sources. [1] On October 18, 1965, the couple filed an amended return, eliminating $4,467.00 from the gross income computation and requesting a refund of $836.51. [ 1 ]

  5. Williamson v. Lee Optical Co. - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_v._Lee_Optical_Co.

    The optician plaintiff brought suit to have a 1953 Oklahoma law declared unconstitutional and to enjoin state officials from enforcing it. The law at issue (59 Okla. Stat. Ann. §§ 941–947, Okla. Laws 1953, c. 13, §§ 2–8) contained provisions making it unlawful for any person not a licensed optometrist or ophthalmologist to fit lenses to a face or to duplicate or replace into frames ...

  6. Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Systems_Corp._v._Lewis

    Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, 584 U.S. ___ (2018), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States on how two federal laws, the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) and the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), relate to whether employment contracts can legally bar employees from collective arbitration.

  7. Judge finally rules on $45B WA nuclear site contract ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/judge-finally-rules-45b-wa...

    A second legal challenge to the award of a $45 billion contract for environmental cleanup work at the Hanford nuclear site in Eastern Washington has been denied.. U.S. Judge Marian Blank Horn ...

  8. Consideration under American law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration_under...

    The promise must be real and unconditional. This doctrine rarely invalidates contracts; it is a fundamental doctrine in contract law that courts should try to enforce contracts whenever possible. Accordingly, courts will often read implied-in-fact or implied-in-law terms into the contract, placing duties on the promisor.

  9. Contract Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_Clause

    Article I, Section 10, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, known as the Contract Clause, imposes certain prohibitions on the states.These prohibitions are meant to protect individuals from intrusion by state governments and to keep the states from intruding on the enumerated powers of the U.S. federal government.