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In organic chemistry, an allyl group is a substituent with the structural formula −CH 2 −HC=CH 2. It consists of a methylene bridge ( −CH 2 − ) attached to a vinyl group ( −CH=CH 2 ). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The name is derived from the scientific name for garlic , Allium sativum .
Alkenes can be made from alcohols by dehydration. This conversion, among others, is used in converting biomass to liquid fuels. [2] The conversion of ethanol to ethylene is a fundamental example: [3] [4] CH 3 CH 2 OH → H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is accelerated by acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid and certain zeolites.
This reaction can be accelerated by acidic conditions, which make the carbonyl more electrophilic, or basic conditions, which provide a more anionic and therefore more reactive nucleophile. The tetrahedral intermediate itself can be an alcohol or alkoxide , depending on the pH of the reaction.
Acylsugars are also classified as amphiphiles which provide a supplementary source of water in plants by reducing the surface tension of dew, allowing it to be absorbed more easily. [ 3 ] Acylsugars are also used in pesticides, food additives, cosmetics and personal care products, antibiotics, and anti inflammatory medications.
Beet sugar [1] – made from sugar beets, contains a high concentration of sucrose; Birch syrup – around 42-54% fructose, 45% glucose, plus a small amount of sucrose; Brown sugar [1] – Consists of a minimum 88% sucrose and invert sugar. Commercial brown sugar contains from 4.5% molasses (light brown sugar) to 6.5% molasses (dark brown sugar ...
It is the covalent attachment between the carbonil group of a reducing sugar (mainly glucose and fructose) and the amino acid side chain of the protein. In this process the intervention of an enzyme is not needed. It takes place across and close to the water channels and the protruding tubules. [21]
Glucose (blood sugar) is distributed to cells in the tissues, where it is broken down via cellular respiration, or stored as glycogen. [3] [4] In cellular (aerobic) respiration, glucose and oxygen are metabolized to release energy, with carbon dioxide and water as endproducts. [2] [4]
Glycosyl iodides were first introduced for use in glycosylation reactions in 1901 by Koenigs and Knorr [6] [7] although were often considered too reactive for synthetic use. Recently several research groups have shown these donors to have unique reactive properties and can differ from other glycosyl chlorides or bromides with respect to ...