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Fibonacci numbers are also strongly related to the golden ratio: Binet's formula expresses the n-th Fibonacci number in terms of n and the golden ratio, and implies that the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers tends to the golden ratio as n increases. Fibonacci numbers are also closely related to Lucas numbers, which obey the same ...
Exceptionally, the golden ratio is equal to the limit of the ratios of successive terms in the Fibonacci sequence and sequence of Lucas numbers: [42] + = + =. In other words, if a Fibonacci and Lucas number is divided by its immediate predecessor in the sequence, the quotient approximates φ {\displaystyle \varphi } .
In 1202, Leonardo Fibonacci introduced the Fibonacci sequence to the western world with his book Liber Abaci. [5] Fibonacci presented a thought experiment on the growth of an idealized rabbit population. [6] Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) pointed out the presence of the Fibonacci sequence in nature, using it to explain the pentagonal form of ...
A Fibonacci sequence of order n is an integer sequence in which each sequence element is the sum of the previous elements (with the exception of the first elements in the sequence). The usual Fibonacci numbers are a Fibonacci sequence of order 2.
The Fibonacci sequence is frequently referenced in the 2001 book The Perfect Spiral by Jason S. Hornsby. A youthful Fibonacci is one of the main characters in the novel Crusade in Jeans (1973). He was left out of the 2006 movie version, however. The Fibonacci sequence and golden ratio are briefly described in John Fowles's 1985 novel A Maggot.
Other scholars question whether the golden ratio was known to or used by Greek artists and architects as a principle of aesthetic proportion. [11] Building the Acropolis is calculated to have been started around 600 BC, but the works said to exhibit the golden ratio proportions were created from 468 BC to 430 BC.
The golden spiral is a logarithmic spiral that grows outward by a factor of the golden ratio for every 90 degrees of rotation (pitch angle about 17.03239 degrees). It can be approximated by a "Fibonacci spiral", made of a sequence of quarter circles with radii proportional to Fibonacci numbers.
The number of leaves is sometimes called rank, in the case of simple Fibonacci ratios, because the leaves line up in vertical rows. With larger Fibonacci pairs, the pattern becomes complex and non-repeating. This tends to occur with a basal configuration. Examples can be found in composite flowers and seed heads.