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The federal guidelines recommend reporting those fetal deaths whose birth weight is over 12.5 oz (350 g), or those more than 20 weeks gestation. [63] Forty-one areas use a definition very similar to the federal definition, thirteen areas use a shortened definition of fetal death, and three areas have no formal definition of fetal death.
The death of a child during pregnancy or shortly after birth can have a strong effect on a mother's sense of identity. Bereaved mothers may find it difficult to connect to or accept their identity as a mother after experiencing child loss, resulting in a fragmented sense of self.
There are three stages of fetal development. The first stage is the germinal stage begins at conception and is the shortest stage. The second stage is the embryonic stage which begins around the third week of pregnancy and ends at the eighth week. The final stage is the fetal stage which begins at the ninth week of pregnancy and lasts until birth.
[13] [14] Once ultrasound or histological evidence shows that a pregnancy has existed, the term used is clinical miscarriage, which can be "early" (before 12 weeks) or "late" (between 12 and 21 weeks). [13] Spontaneous fetal termination after 20 weeks of gestation is known as a stillbirth. [15]
Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death. [9] It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20–27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death.
Spalding's sign is a sign used in obstetrics. [1] It is named for Alfred Baker Spalding. [2] [3]It is an indicator of fetal death. [4] When fetal death has occurred loss of alignment and overriding of the bones of cranial vault occur due to shrinkage of cerebrum, [5] abdominal sonar examination may reveal an overriding of the fetal cranial bones. [6]
Normally the maternal circulation and the fetal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other, with gas and nutrient exchange taking place across a membrane in the placenta made of two layers, the syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast. Fetal-maternal haemorrhage occurs when this membrane ceases to function as a barrier and ...
Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined in slightly different ways by several different health organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines maternal death as the death of a pregnant mother due to complications related to pregnancy, underlying conditions worsened by the pregnancy or management of these conditions.