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In OCaml, the library function Oo.copy performs shallow copying of an object. In Python, the library's copy module provides shallow copy and deep copy of objects through the copy() and deepcopy() functions, respectively. [13] Programmers may define special methods __copy__() and __deepcopy__() in an object to provide custom copying implementation.
C++ objects in general behave like primitive types, so to copy a C++ object one could use the '=' (assignment) operator. There is a default assignment operator provided for all classes, but its effect may be altered through the use of operator overloading. There are dangers when using this technique (see slicing).
The vector maintains a certain order of its elements, so that when a new element is inserted at the beginning or in the middle of the vector, subsequent elements are moved backwards in terms of their assignment operator or copy constructor. Consequently, references and iterators to elements after the insertion point become invalidated.
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Making a shallow copy of a const or immutable value removes the outer layer of immutability: Copying an immutable string (immutable(char[])) returns a string (immutable(char)[]). The immutable pointer and length are being copied and the copies are mutable. The referred data has not been copied and keeps its qualifier, in the example immutable.
Virtual inheritance is a C++ technique that ensures only one copy of a base class ' s member variables are inherited by grandchild derived classes. Without virtual inheritance, if two classes B and C inherit from a class A , and a class D inherits from both B and C , then D will contain two copies of A ' s member variables: one via B , and one ...
In C++ computer programming, copy elision refers to a compiler optimization technique that eliminates unnecessary copying of objects.. The C++ language standard generally allows implementations to perform any optimization, provided the resulting program's observable behavior is the same as if, i.e. pretending, the program were executed exactly as mandated by the standard.
In the C++ programming language, a copy constructor is a special constructor for creating a new object as a copy of an existing object. Copy constructors are the standard way of copying objects in C++, as opposed to cloning , and have C++-specific nuances.