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In chemistry, a zwitterion (/ ˈ t s v ɪ t ə ˌ r aɪ ə n / TSVIT-ə-ry-ən; from German Zwitter 'hermaphrodite'), also called an inner salt or dipolar ion, [1] is a molecule that contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged functional groups.
The following is a list of rock types recognized by geologists.There is no agreed number of specific types of rock. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe a rock type.
These molecular species are created by ionization of either zwitterions or diradicals; ultimately, a neutral molecule loses an electron. [2] Through experimental research distonic radicals have been found to be extremely stable gas phase ions [ 3 ] and can be separated into different classes depending on the inherent features of the charged ...
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There are additional names used for ions with multiple charges. For example, an ion with a −2 charge is known as a dianion and an ion with a +2 charge is known as a dication. A zwitterion is a neutral molecule with positive and negative charges at different locations within that molecule. [17]
Most rocks contain silicate minerals, compounds that include silica tetrahedra in their crystal lattice, and account for about one-third of all known mineral species and about 95% of the earth's crust. [6] The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their names and properties. [7]
Rocks that are rich in kaolinite, and halloysite, are known as kaolin (/ ˈ k eɪ. ə l ɪ n /) or china clay. In many parts of the world kaolin is colored pink-orange-red by iron oxide, giving it a distinct rust hue. Lower concentrations of iron oxide yield the white, yellow, or light orange colors of kaolin.
In the 1970s, shungite was exploited in the production of an insulating material, known as shungisite. Shungisite is prepared by heating rocks with low shungite concentrations to 1,090–1,130 °C (1,990–2,070 °F) and is used as a low density filler. [10] Shungite has applications in construction technologies. [13]