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Microorganisms growing on an agar plate. Sterilization (British English: sterilisation) refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents (such as prions or viruses) present in fluid or on a specific surface or object. [1]
Joan Forrest Gardner AO (16 June 1918 – 19 November 2013) was an Australian microbiologist who had an extensive career researching and teaching in the areas of disinfection, infection control, and sterilisation.
Bergmann used a number of methods of disinfection and sterilisation, which Schimmelbusch documented and formalised. He referred to the equipment and methods used as the "aseptic apparatus", and in 1892, published Anleitung zur aseptischen Wundbehandlung ("Guide to the aseptic treatment of wounds"), which became a seminal work on the subject. In ...
A disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces. [1] Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life. [1]
The American Nurses Association and American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology set guidelines for sterilization and disinfection based on the Spaulding Disinfection and Sterilization Classification Scheme (SDSCS). The SDSCS classifies sterilization techniques into three categories: critical, semi-critical, and non-critical. [11]
Foodborne botulism is a potentially deadly condition that’s caused by eating food contaminated with botulinum toxin, a potent toxin that attacks the body’s nervous system.The disease is ...
Image source: Getty Images. 1. Cost increases for Parts A and B. Original Medicare's premiums and deductibles went up in 2025. The Part A annual deductible increased from $1,632 to $1,676, and the ...
The practice of reusing medical devices labeled for only one use began in hospitals in the late 1970s. [8] After a thorough review by the U.S. FDA in 1999 and 2000, [8] the agency released a guidance document for reprocessed SUDs that began regulating the sale of these reprocessed devices on the market, [9] under the condition that third-party reprocessors would be treated as the manufacturer ...