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Kernig's sign is a test used in physical examination to look for evidence of irritation of the meninges.The test involves flexing the thighs at the hip, and the knees, at 90 degree angles, and assessing whether subsequent extension of the knee is painful (leading to resistance), in which case it is deemed positive. [1]
Meningism is a set of symptoms similar to those of meningitis but not caused by meningitis. [1] [3] [4] Whereas meningitis is inflammation of the meninges (membranes that cover the central nervous system), meningism is caused by nonmeningitic irritation of the meninges, usually associated with acute febrile illness, [1] [2] especially in children and adolescents. [2]
Kernig's sign: Woldemar Kernig: neurology: meningism, meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage: synd/2200 at Whonamedit? hip and knee fully flexed, extension of knee elicits pain and/or opisthotonus Kocher's sign: Emil Theodor Kocher: ophthalmology, endocrinology: Hyperthyroidism, Basedow's disease,
In a person with a positive Kernig's sign, pain limits passive extension of the knee. A positive Brudzinski's sign occurs when flexion of the neck causes involuntary flexion of the knee and hip. Although Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign are both commonly used to screen for meningitis, the sensitivity of these tests is limited.
Woldemar Kernig, better known as Vladimir Mikhailovich Kernig (Latvian: Voldemārs Kernigs; Russian: Владимир Михайлович Керниг; 28 June 1840 – 18 April 1917) was a notable Russian and Baltic German internist and neurologist whose medical discoveries saved thousands of people with meningitis. He is best known for his ...
(As the IFPS noted, once the 3000-4000 series is exhausted, it will move to the 83000 and 84000 series.) Related: How the European Grocery Shopping Trend Can Help You Save Money and Prevent Waste.
The test was devised by Gottfried Leibniz and is sometimes known as Leibniz's test, Leibniz's rule, or the Leibniz criterion. The test is only sufficient, not necessary, so some convergent alternating series may fail the first part of the test. [1] [2] [3] For a generalization, see Dirichlet's test. [4] [5] [6]
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