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The adult kidney size is variable due to the correlation with body height and age; however, normograms for pediatric kidney size are available. [1] Cortical thickness should be estimated from the base of the pyramid and is generally 7–10 mm.
The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. [1] In the adult, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone with a number of projections ( cortical columns ) that extend down between the pyramids .
The functional substance, or parenchyma, of the human kidney is divided into two major structures: the outer renal cortex and the inner renal medulla. Grossly, these structures take the shape of eight to 18 cone-shaped renal lobes , each containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid . [ 18 ]
Increased renal medulla thickness is associated with greater urine concentrating ability in desert mammals. [65] The cortex and medulla are based on nephrons [66] [22] together with an extensive network of blood vessels and capillaries, as well as collecting ducts, into which nephrons empty, and renal interstitium. [67]
The collecting duct system is the final component of the kidney to influence the body's electrolyte and fluid balance. In humans, the system accounts for 4–5% of the kidney's reabsorption of sodium and 5% of the kidney's reabsorption of water. At times of extreme dehydration, over 24% of the filtered water may be reabsorbed in the collecting ...
The point where DCT contacts the cortical thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is called macula densa. It has tightly packed columnar cells which display reversed polarity and may monitor the osmolarity of blood. Histologically, cells of the DCT can be differentiated from cells of the proximal convoluted tubule: