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The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that occurred in Europe from 1346 to 1353. It was one of the most fatal pandemics in human history; as many as 50 million people [2] perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. [3] The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas and through the air.
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic, which reached England in June 1348. It was the first and most severe manifestation of the second pandemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. The term Black Death was not used until the late 17th century.
However, the late medieval Black Death (roughly 1331 to 1353) is sometimes seen not as the start of the second, but as the end of the first pandemic – in that case, the first pandemic ended in around 1353, and the second pandemic's start would be about 1361.
By the end of 1350 the Black Death had subsided, but it never really died out in England over the next few hundred years: there were further outbreaks in 1361–62, 1369, 1379–83, 1389–93, and throughout the first half of the 15th century. [30]
Black Death (start of the second plague pandemic) 1346–1353 Eurasia and North Africa: Bubonic plague: 75–200 million (30–60% of European population and 33% percent of the Middle Eastern population) [49] Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks) 1485–1551 Britain (England) and later continental Europe Unknown, possibly an unknown species of ...
The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-21566-2. Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2004). The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85115-943-0. Byrne, Joseph P. (16 January 2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
The Black Death made it much more difficult for the kingdom to pay the war subsidy that had been agreed in late 1347. [10] By the second half of 1349, France's spending on war had decreased as the Black Death had spread to England by this point and led to a pause in fighting. [11]
During the Black Death, the Kingdom of Poland was a landlocked country, largely surrounded by plague-infected areas. [4] Though disputed, the country's lack of depopulation was largely evidenced in a 2019 study, citing the stable amount of cereal grain pollen in the region.