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In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, ... Other civilizations, contemporaneous with the colonial period, were ...
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies. In North America, indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC).
Map of Pre-Columbian states of Mexico just before the Spanish conquest. The pre-Columbian (or prehispanic) history of the territory now making up the country of Mexico is known through the work of archaeologists and epigraphers, and through the accounts of Spanish conquistadores, settlers and clergymen as well as the indigenous chroniclers of the immediate post-conquest period.
Colonialism also acted to reinforce these same racial belief systems within the "mother-countries" themselves. Usually also included within the colonial belief systems was a certain belief in the inherent superiority of male over female. This particular belief was often pre-existing amongst the pre-colonial societies, prior to their colonisation.
The pre-Columbian codices are largely pictorial; they do not contain symbols that represent spoken or written language. [189] By contrast, colonial-era codices contain not only Aztec pictograms, but also writing that uses the Latin alphabet in several languages: Classical Nahuatl, Spanish, and occasionally Latin.
Locations of pre-colonial principalities, polities, kingdoms and sultanates in the Philippine archipelago The Agusan image statue (900–950 CE) discovered in 1917 on the banks of the Wawa River near Esperanza , Agusan del Sur , Mindanao in the Philippines .
The usage of the term may also extend (in context) to incorporate the continuity of cultures of the Amerinds into and beyond the European colonial period. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pre-Columbian era .
The organization of pre-colonial Philippine states has often been described as or compared to feudalism (see non-Western feudalism), particularly in light of Marxist socioeconomic analysis. Specifically, political scientists note that political patterns of the modern Republic of the Philippines , supposedly a liberal democracy , can more ...