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The L-Prize competition was designed to spur development of LED light replacements for 60W incandescent lamps and PAR38 halogen lamps as well as an ultra-efficient "21st Century Lamp". [1] It was established by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) as directed by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. The original competition ...
As with the case of LED MR lamps, LED PAR lamps generally use an array of individual LED elements that are unsuitable for reflector operation. Nevertheless, some degree of beam control can be obtained with aperture or lens, and LED PAR 38 replacements with a 40° spread is common. Models built for stage lighting may use less similar dimensions.
Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that simplifies calculation, and more broadly, that is a simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. [1] In its most common form, an equivalent circuit is made up of linear, passive elements. However, more complex equivalent circuits are used that approximate the nonlinear behavior of ...
Simple LED circuit with resistor for current limiting. The current in an LED or other diodes rises exponentially with the applied voltage (see Shockley diode equation), so a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. Current through the LED must be regulated by an external circuit such as a constant current source to prevent ...
The theorems are useful in 'circuit analysis' especially for analyzing circuits with feedback [1] and certain transistor amplifiers at high frequencies. [ 2 ] There is a close relationship between Miller theorem and Miller effect: the theorem may be considered as a generalization of the effect and the effect may be thought as of a special case ...
World Trade Organization members failed to agree on reforms to revive a broken trade dispute settlement system during the last General Council meeting before U.S. President-elect Donald Trump ...