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The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The downstream sector is the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas , [ 1 ] as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas .
Downstream, in manufacturing, refers to processes which occur later on in a production sequence or production line. Viewing a company "from order to cash" might have high-level processes such as marketing, sales, order entry, manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and invoicing. Each of these could be deconstructed into many sub-processes and ...
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Since (by definition) upstream and downstream prices are related: in absence of external shocks, some kind of economic equilibrium relationship between those two should exist; external shocks to the system (i.e. shocks to downstream or upstream prices) should trigger short- and long-run adjustment towards the long-run equilibrium, as:
Third parties can be both 'upstream' (suppliers and vendors) and 'downstream', (distributors and re-sellers) as well as non-contractual parties. [ 2 ] Firms do not have to conduct critical activities to be considered a 'third party'; a cleaning services firm responsible for maintaining a company's office space is a third party as much as a ...
Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to refineries and deliver the various refined products to downstream distributors. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Natural gas pipeline networks aggregate gas from natural gas purification plants and deliver it to downstream customers, such as local utilities.
Companies must wean themselves off fossil fuels. Danish toymaker Lego said in October that it will spend about $1.4 billion to build a wind farm off the coast of Germany. With the energy produced there, the company will be completely powered by renewable energy in under five years.
Oando Plc is a Nigerian multinational energy company operating in the upstream, midstream and downstream. [1]In July 2016, Oando entered into a tri-partite agreement with the Vitol Group, an independent trader of energy commodities and Helios Investment Partner, an Africa-focused private investment firm to form OVH (formerly known as Oando Downstream).