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Grandparent visitation is a legal right that grandparents in some jurisdictions may have to have court-ordered contact (or visitation) with their grandchildren. In no case is contact between grandparents and children considered an inalienable right .
Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000), is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States, citing a constitutional right of parents to direct the upbringing of their children, struck down a Washington law that allowed any third party to petition state courts for child visitation rights over parental objections.
In the decades leading up to the 1970s child custody battles were rare, and in most cases the mother of minor children would receive custody. [5] Since the 1970s, as custody laws have been made gender-neutral, contested custody cases have increased as have cases in which the children are placed in the primary custody of the father.
Such laws may be enforced by governmental or private entities and may be at the state or national level. While most filial responsibility laws contemplate civil enforcement, some include criminal penalties for adult children or close relatives who fail to provide for family members when challenged to do so.
Each U.S. state is responsible for developing a child support enforcement program that complies with federal requirements, including a guidelines method of calculating child support. At minimum, 45 C.F.R. 302.56 requires each state to establish and publish a guideline that is presumptively (but rebuttably) correct, and review the guideline, at ...
In 1947, the state legislature directed the state judicial council to study the structure of the state's inferior courts. [15] The council's 1948 study found: "There are six separate and distinct types of inferior courts, totaling 767 in number, created and governed under varied constitutional, statutory, and charter provisions."