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The Khwarazmian Empire [note 2] (English: / k w ə ˈ r æ z m i ən /), [10] or simply Khwarazm [note 3], was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim empire of Turkic mamluk origin. [11] [12] Khwarazmians ruled large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iran from 1077 to 1231; first as vassals of the Seljuk Empire [13] and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty), [14] and from ...
Khwarazm (/ x w ə ˈ r æ z ə m /; Old Persian: Hwârazmiya; Persian: خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia (/ k ə ˈ r æ z m i ə /) is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.
Between 1219 and 1221, [2] the Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invaded the lands of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia. The campaign, which followed the annexation of the Qara Khitai Khanate, saw widespread devastation and atrocities. The invasion marked the completion of the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, and began the Mongol conquest ...
Some influential people of the city decided to surrender and sent the qadi and Shaykh al-Islām of the city to Genghis Khan to talk about surrender. Finally, they opened the gates of the city to the enemy, and Genghis' army entered the city and massacred and looted the people. After the attack, the city of Samarkand became a ruin and was deserted.
The Khwarazmian army, also called the Khwarazmiyya, maintained itself as a force of freebooters and mercenaries between 1231 and 1246, following the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire (1221) and the death of the last Khwarazmshah, Jalal al-Din (1231). It was active in Upper Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Syria and Palestine and shifted its ...
The terms "Khanate of Khiva" and "Khivan Khanate", by which the polity is commonly known in Western scholarship, are a calque that derive from the Russian exonym: Хивинское ханство, romanized: Khivinskoe khanstvo. [9][10] The term was first used by the Russians in the second half of the 17th century, [10] or in the 18th century. [9]
Muhammad II of Khwarazm. ' Alā' al-Din Muhammad (Persian: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish) was the Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1200 to 1220. His ancestor was Anushtegin Gharchai, a Turkic Ghulam who eventually became a viceroy of a small province ...
It is a "city within a city" surrounded by powerful fortress walls with four gates on each side of the world. One of the main highways runs from the western gate to the eastern gate, along which the main monumental buildings are concentrated. From the observation tower of Ak-Sheikh-bobo Itchan-Kala can be seen like in the palm of your hand.