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[1] [4] Once conditions become more favorable for growth, the akinete can then germinate back into a vegetative cell. [5] Increased light intensity, nutrients availability, oxygen availability, and changes in salinity are important triggers for germination. [5] In comparison to vegetative cells, akinetes are generally larger.
The Azolla plant undergoes photosynthesis and provides fixed carbon for the Anabaena to use as an energy source for dinitrogenases in the heterocyst cells. [8] In return, the heterocysts are able to provide the vegetative cells and the Azolla plant with fixed nitrogen in the form of ammonia which supports growth of both organisms.
[7] [8] [3] The minimum cellular need for P in Gloeotrichia is approximately 2.3 g P/mg C, but actual uptake is 25-500e-6 g/L/day, compared to algae, which is normally 1-100e-6 g/L/day. [9] Once Gloeotrichia have stored enough P to sustain colonial formation and growth, they begin to form vacuoles filled with gas to increase their buoyancy and ...
In harsh conditions, A. circinalis form spore-like cells called akinetes. Akinetes are resistant to low temperature, desiccation , and darkness. Often, akinetes will hibernate in sediment until environmental conditions allow germination and re-growth.
Their cell size varies from less than 1 μm in diameter (picocyanobacteria) up to 100 μm (some tropical forms in the genus Oscillatoria) [39] [40] [41] Filamentous forms exhibit functional cell differentiation such as heterocysts (for nitrogen fixation), akinetes (resting stage cells), and hormogonia (reproductive, motile filaments). These ...
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a diverse group of cyanobacteria with both toxic and non-toxic [1] [2] strains found in brackish and freshwater environments globally, including the Baltic Sea and the Great Lakes. Recent genome sequencing efforts have identified 18 distinct varieties [3] of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, revealing its genetic complexity.
In his opening remarks, Hegseth called Trump's electoral victory a "mandate for change." Asked by Sen. Ted Budd, R-N.C., how he would "ensure the military is focused on warfighting" and cast off ...
These akinetes can persist in sediment for long periods of time, and are able to germinate once water temperatures rise to the appropriate level. [2] The bacteria prefers temperatures ranging from 25–30 °C, light intensity of 80–121 μmol m-2 s-1, and a max salinity concentration of 4 g L-1 NaCl. The levels of the bacteria typically stay ...