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After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood. [2] This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the numbers of circulating CD4 + T cells.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014. [115] [116] This system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups. [116] In those greater than six years of age it is: [116]
Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is not contagious during sexual intercourse without a condom if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load. [5] [6] HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells (specifically CD4 + T cells), macrophages, and dendritic ...
Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. [11] These infections affect nearly every organ system. [citation needed] A declining CD4+/CD8+ ratio is predictive of the progression of HIV to AIDS. [12]
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a condition seen in some cases of HIV/AIDS or immunosuppression, in which the immune system begins to recover, but then responds to a previously acquired opportunistic infection with an overwhelming inflammatory response that paradoxically makes the symptoms of infection worse.
Infection with HIV is determined by an HIV test.As of 2021, 85% of all people living with HIV knew their status. [2]The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Amnesty International, the Global Network of Sex Work Projects and the Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS, have all condemned forced HIV testing actions as infringements on human rights and conflicting with proven ...
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