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Conductivity or specific conductance of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens per meter (S/m). Conductivity measurements are used routinely in many industrial and environmental applications as a fast, inexpensive and reliable way of measuring the ionic content in a ...
Electrical conductivity of water samples is used as an indicator of how salt-free, ion-free, or impurity-free the sample is; the purer the water, the lower the conductivity (the higher the resistivity). Conductivity measurements in water are often reported as specific conductance, relative to the conductivity of pure water at 25 °C.
Conductivity-based concentration measurement has limitations. The concentration-conductivity dependence of most acids and bases is not linear. Conductivity-based measurement cannot determine on which side of the peak the measurement is, and therefore the measurement is only possible on a linear section of the curve.
However, electrical conductance measurements can also be used as a tool to locate the end point. Example: titration of an HCl solution with the strong base NaOH. As the titration progresses, the protons are neutralized to form water by the addition of NaOH. For each amount of NaOH added equivalent amount of hydrogen ions is removed.
κ is the measured conductivity (formerly known as specific conductance), [3] c is the molar concentration of the electrolyte. The SI unit of molar conductivity is siemens metres squared per mole (S m 2 mol −1). [2] However, values are often quoted in S cm 2 mol −1. [4]
is the conductance, having units of volume/time, which are the same units as pumping speed for a vacuum pump. This definition proves useful in vacuum systems because under conditions of rarefied gas flow, the conductance of various structures is usually constant, and the overall conductance of a complex network of pipes, orifices and other ...
the rate of rise of the water level in the hole is recorded; the K-value is calculated from the data as: [8] = where: K is the horizontal saturated hydraulic conductivity (m/day) H is the depth of the water level in the hole relative to the water table in the soil (cm): H t = H at time t; H o = H at time t = 0
For example, moisture (usually measured as a percentage) is a common specification in commercial food production. [1] There are many applications where trace moisture measurements are necessary for manufacturing and process quality assurance. Trace moisture in solids must be known in processes involving plastics, pharmaceuticals and heat treatment.