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The construction of physical models is often a creative act, and many bespoke examples have been carefully created in the workshops of science departments. There is a very wide range of approaches to physical modeling, including ball-and-stick models available for purchase commercially, to molecular models created using 3D printers .
Chemical imaging (as quantitative – chemical mapping) is the analytical capability to create a visual image of components distribution from simultaneous measurement of spectra and spatial, time information. [1] [2] Hyperspectral imaging measures contiguous spectral bands, as opposed to multispectral imaging which measures spaced spectral ...
In mathematics, a chaotic map is a map (an evolution function) that exhibits some sort of chaotic behavior. Maps may be parameterized by a discrete-time or a continuous-time parameter. Discrete maps usually take the form of iterated functions. Chaotic maps often occur in the study of dynamical systems.
The determination of chemical structure include (mainly): for the gaseous state: gas electron diffraction [ 2 ] and microwave spectroscopy [ 3 ] for the liquid state: NMR spectroscopy [ 4 ] (note, obtaining precise structural information from liquids and solutions is still rather difficult compared to gases and crystalline solids)
Theories of chemical structure were first developed by August Kekulé, Archibald Scott Couper, and Aleksandr Butlerov, among others, from about 1858. [4] These theories were first to state that chemical compounds are not a random cluster of atoms and functional groups, but rather had a definite order defined by the valency of the atoms composing the molecule, giving the molecules a three ...
Structure of cisplatin, an example of a molecule with the square planar coordination geometry. In chemistry, the square planar molecular geometry describes the stereochemistry (spatial arrangement of atoms) that is adopted by certain chemical compounds. As the name suggests, molecules of this geometry have their atoms positioned at the corners.
Structure field maps (SFMs) or structure maps are visualizations of the relationship between ionic radii and crystal structures for representing classes of materials. [1] The SFM and its extensions has found broad applications in geochemistry , mineralogy , chemical synthesis of materials, and nowadays in materials informatics .
For example, the 4d Maxwell theory (in the absence of charged matter fields) is a mean field theory built out of an antisymmetric tensor field with scaling dimension =. Mean field theories have a Lagrangian description in terms of a quadratic action involving Laplacian raised to an arbitrary real power (which determines the scaling dimension of ...