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Streptococcus bovis is a group of strains of Gram-positive bacteria, originally described as a species, [5] [6] that in humans is associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, sepsis, [7] and colorectal cancer. [8] S. bovis is commonly found in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, [9] and may cause ruminal acidosis.
F. necrophorum is also a cause for lameness in sheep. Its infection is commonly called scald or foot rot. It can last for several years on land used by either sheep or cattle, and is found on most land of this type throughout the world. Due to its survival length in these areas, it is unrealistic to try to remove it.
Sheep and goats are both small ruminants with cosmopolitan distributions due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of milk, wool, and meat. [1] As such, the diseases of these animals are of great economic importance to humans.
These conditions form a spectrum of diseases with overlapping signs and symptoms. TSEs in non-human mammals include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle – popularly known as "mad cow disease" – and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk.
In the United Kingdom, more than 184,000 cattle were diagnosed from 1986 to 2015, with the peak of new cases occurring in 1993. [3] A few thousand additional cases have been reported in other regions of the world. [1] In addition, it is believed that several million cattle with the condition likely entered the food supply during the outbreak. [1]
Scrapie and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by prions. [19] Prions were determined to be the infectious agent because transmission is difficult to prevent with heat, radiation and disinfectants, the agent does not evoke any detectable immune response, and it has a long incubation period of between 18 months and 5 years. [20]
The most severe form of group B streptococcal disease is neonatal meningitis in infants, which is frequently lethal and can cause permanent neuro-cognitive impairment. S. agalactiae was recognized as a pathogen in cattle by Edmond Nocard and Mollereau in the late 1880s. It can cause bovine mastitis (inflammation of the udder) in dairy cows. The ...
Veterinarians have observed meningoencephalitis in animals infected with listeriosis, caused by the pathogenic bacteria L. monocytogenes. Meningitis and encephalitis already present in the brain or spinal cord of an animal may form simultaneously into meningeoencephalitis. [6] The bacteria commonly targets the sensitive structures of the brain ...