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The exact cause of an epididymal cyst is unknown, but it is most likely a congenital anomaly associated with hormonal imbalances during embryonic life. [3] Previous research has shown a correlation between the development of epididymal cysts and maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting substances like diethylstilbestrol during male fetal development.
Spermatocele is a fluid-filled cyst that develops in the epididymis. [3] The fluid is usually a clear or milky white color and may contain sperm. [4] Spermatoceles are typically filled with spermatozoa [5] and they can vary in size from several millimeters to many centimeters.
Initially, fewer studies documented risks of prenatal exposure to DES on males (referred to as "DES sons"). In the 1970s and early 1980s, studies published on prenatally DES-exposed males investigated increased risk of testicular cancer, infertility and urogenital abnormalities in development, such as cryptorchidism and hypospadias.
A spermatocelectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove a spermatocele [1] by separating it from the epididymis. The patient is given an anesthetic in the groin and a small incision is made into the scrotum. The surgeon pulls the testicle and epididymis to the incision and separates the spermatocele by tying it off with a suture.
An injury to the epididymal epithelium is caused by penetration of germ cells into the epididymal supportive tissue. This infiltration of germ cells allows for the pathogenesis of sperm granulomas. Moreover, the penetration of germ cells leads to inflammatory and autoimmune reactions that further increase the risk of sperm granuloma formation. [2]
Surgical removal of the epididymis is rarely necessary, causes sterility, and only gives relief from pain in approximately 50% of cases. [5] However, in acute suppurating epididymitis (acute epididymitis with a discharge of pus), an epididymotomy may be recommended; in refractory cases, a full epididymectomy may be required.
Ultrasound image showing tubular ectasia of the rete testis as an incidental finding in an 81 year old male. Rete tubular ectasia, also known as cystic transformation of rete testis [1] is a benign condition, usually found in older men, involving numerous small, tubular cystic structures within the rete testis.
Those with Bell-clapper are at a higher risk of testicular torsion. [40] [41] Orchitis is inflammation of the testicles; Epididymitis is a painful inflammation of the epididymis or epididymides, frequently caused by bacterial infection but sometimes of unknown origin. Anorchia is the absence of one or both testicles.