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Manganese was first reported in the Franceville region in 1895. Further discoveries were made in 1934, 1944 and 1945. Systematic exploration began in 1951. [1] In 1951 a joint mission of the Bureau Minier de la France d'Outre-Mer and U.S. Steel found a large deposit estimated at over 100 million tonnes of marketable ore. [2]
Manganese is a chemical element; it has symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese was first isolated in the 1770s. It is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. It improves strength ...
In a given manganese nodule, there is one part of iron oxide for every two parts of manganese dioxide. [23] A wide range of trace elements and trace minerals are found in nodules with many of these incorporated from the seabed sediment, which itself includes particles carried as dust from all over the planet before settling to the seabed. [5]
The GEOTRACES program has led the production of the first global manganese model, in which predictions of global manganese distribution can be made. [27] This global model found strong removal rates of Mn as water moves from the Atlantic Ocean surface to the North Atlantic deep water resulting in Mn depletion in water moving southward along the ...
[citation needed] [17] Manganese nodules and sediment, which was later found to contain micrometeorites, was collected from the ocean floor. [ 18 ] The primary thermometer used throughout the Challenger expedition was the Miller–Casella thermometer , which contained two markers within a curved mercury tube to record the maximum and minimum ...
Polymetallic nodules on the deep seabed in the CCZ Example of manganese nodule that can be found on the sea floor. Polymetallic nodules are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) in all major oceans, but also in shallow waters like the Baltic Sea and in freshwater lakes. [23] [24] They are the most readily minable type of deep sea ore. [25]
The deposit was discovered in 1879 by the Georgian poet Akaki Tsereteli [7] who explored the area in search of manganese and iron ores. After other explorations it was discovered that there are several layers of manganese oxide, peroxide and carbonate with thickness varying between 0.2 m (0.66 ft) and 16 m (52 ft).
Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number of 25. It is found as the free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. The free element is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses. Manganese ions are variously colored, and are used industrially as pigments and as