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The results of this test must be interpreted carefully. The person's medical risk factors determine at which increment (5 mm, 10 mm, or 15 mm) of induration the result is considered positive. [12] A positive result indicates TB exposure. 5 mm or more is positive in An HIV-positive person; Persons with recent contacts with a TB patient
PPD test, Purified Protein Derivative test or Mantoux test, a screening test for tuberculosis Postpartum depression , a mental disorder affecting parents within the first year of their child's birth Pour point depressant , a chemical added to crude oil to lower its "pour point"
Postpartum depression (PPD), also called perinatal depression, is a mood disorder which may be experienced by pregnant or postpartum individuals. [3] Symptoms include extreme sadness, low energy, anxiety, crying episodes, irritability, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. [1]
[7] [8] If a minor reaction is considered doubtful, the OT test is less accurate and may fail to detect TB, producing a false negative. [2] If all doubtful indications are instead classified as positive, there is no significant difference between the OT test, the PPD tine test, or the Mantoux test.
A pregnancy test is used to determine whether a female is pregnant or not. The two primary methods are testing for the female pregnancy hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)) in blood or urine using a pregnancy test kit, and scanning with ultrasonography. [1] Testing blood for hCG results in the earliest detection of pregnancy. [2]
Use is safe in pregnancy. [2] Tuberculin was discovered in 1890 by Robert Koch. [3] Koch, best known for his work on the etiology (cause, origin) of tuberculosis (TB), laid down various rigorous guidelines that aided the establishment between a pathogen and the specific disease that followed that were later named Koch's postulates. [4]
Hemorrhoids are common in pregnancy as a result of constipation and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Hemorrhoids can cause bleeding, pain, and itching. [31] Treatment is symptomatic, including improving underlying constipation. Symptoms may resolve spontaneously after pregnancy, although hemorrhoids may remain in the days after childbirth. [32]
In a more recent meta-analysis including 143 studies with data from samples around the world, rates of PPD varied between 0 and 60%. [7] Another meta-analysis found rates of postpartum depression returned from self-reported questionnaires to vary from 1.9% to 82.1% in developing countries and from 5.2% to 74.0% in developed countries.