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Sever's disease, also known as calcaneus apophysitis, is an inflammation at the back of the heel (or calcaneus) growth plate in growing children. The condition is thought to be caused by repetitive stress at the heel.
Plantar calcaneal bursitis is a medical condition in which there is inflammation of the plantar calcaneal [1] bursa, a spongy fluid filled sac that cushions the fascia of the heel and the calcaneus (heel bone). It is characterized by swelling and tenderness of the central plantar heel area. It is sometimes called 'Policeman's heel'.
Enthesitis is inflammation of the entheses (singular: enthesis), the sites where tendons, ligaments and joint capsules attach to bones. [1] [2]It is a type of enthesopathy, meaning any pathologic condition of the entheses, with or without inflammation.
To help prevent a recurrence of Haglund's deformity: [3] wear appropriate shoes; avoid shoes with a rigid heel back [3]; use arch supports or orthotic devices [3]; perform stretching exercises to prevent the Achilles tendon from tightening [3] [4]
An inferior calcaneal spur is located on the inferior aspect of the calcaneus and is typically a response to plantar fasciitis over a period, but may also be associated with ankylosing spondylitis (typically in children). A posterior calcaneal spur develops on the back of the heel at the insertion of the Achilles tendon. [3]
Enthesopathy of the pelvis likely due to ankylosing spondylitis. Enthesopathy can occur at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, carpus, hip, knee, ankle, tarsus, or heel bone, among other regions.
Since calcaneal fractures are related to falls from height, other concomitant injuries should be evaluated. Vertebral compression fractures occur in approximately 10% of these patients. [8] A trauma-focused clinical approach should be implemented; tibial, knee, femur, hip, and head injuries should be ruled out by means of history and physical exam.
[22] [23] [24] Treatment typically involves rest, ice, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), and physical therapy. [17] [18] A heel lift or orthotics may also be helpful. [17] [21] In those in whose symptoms last more than six months despite other treatments, surgery may be considered. [17] Achilles tendinitis is relatively common. [17]