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The sodium–potassium pump, a critical enzyme for regulating sodium and potassium levels in cells. Sodium ions (Na +) are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants, [1] but sodium as a nutrient is more generally needed in larger amounts [1] by animals, due to their use of it for generation of nerve impulses and for maintenance of electrolyte balance and fluid balance.
A sodium cation is solvated by water molecules with their partially negative charged lone pairs pointing inwards towards the positively charged sodium ion The hydration number of a compound is defined as the number of molecules of water bonded to a central ion, often a metal cation.
The water content of these solutions results from the fact that water follows the sodium ions (and accompanying anions) osmotically. [26] [27] The same principle applies to the formation of many other body fluids. Calcium ions have a great propensity to bind to proteins. [28]
The sodium–potassium pump is a critical enzyme for regulating sodium and potassium levels in cells. Potassium is the main intracellular ion for all types of cells, while having a major role in maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance. [1] [2] Potassium is necessary for the function of all living cells and is thus present in all plant and ...
In humans, sodium (Na +) is a commonly cotransported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient. [19] In bacteria and small yeast cells, a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen. [19]
Ringer's solution is a solution of several salts dissolved in water for the purpose of creating an isotonic solution relative to the body fluids of an animal. Ringer's solution typically contains sodium chloride , potassium chloride , calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate , with the last used to buffer the pH .
For example, in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, less than half of the current is carried by the positively charged sodium ions (cations) and more than half is carried by the negatively charged chloride ions (anions) because the chloride ions are able to move faster, i.e., chloride ions have higher mobility than sodium ions. The sum of ...
In aquatic invertebrates, ionocytes perform the functions of both ion uptake and ion excretion. [2] In marine teleost fish, by expending energy to power the enzyme Na + /K + -ATPase and in coordination with other protein transporters, ionocytes pump excessive sodium and chloride ions against the concentration gradient into the ocean.