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Preclinical imaging is the visualization of living animals for research purposes, [1] such as drug development. Imaging modalities have long been crucial to the researcher in observing changes, either at the organ, tissue, cell, or molecular level, in animals responding to physiological or environmental changes.
Two-photon excitation microscopy of mouse intestine.Red: actin.Green: cell nuclei.Blue: mucus of goblet cells.Obtained at 780 nm using a Ti-sapphire laser.. Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEF or 2PEF) is a fluorescence imaging technique that is particularly well-suited to image scattering living tissue of up to about one millimeter in thickness.
Fluorescence imaging with one nanometer accuracy (FIONA): utilizes total internal reflection illumination to reduce noise and increase brightness of fluorophores [5] Calcium imaging: technique that utilizes fluorescent molecules called calcium indicators that change in fluorescence when bound to Ca 2+ ions. This is a key part in seeing when ...
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy or FLIM is an imaging technique based on the differences in the exponential decay rate of the photon emission of a fluorophore from a sample. It can be used as an imaging technique in confocal microscopy , two-photon excitation microscopy , and multiphoton tomography.
High resolution 99m Tc-MDP mouse scan acquired with a stationary SPECT system: animated image of rotating maximum intensity projections.. Preclinical or small-animal Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography is a radionuclide based molecular imaging modality for small laboratory animals [1] (e.g. mice and rats).
In drug development, preclinical development (also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies) is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.
Conventional fluorescence microscopy is performed by selectively staining the sample with fluorescent molecules, either linked to antibodies as in immunohistochemistry or using fluorescent proteins genetically fused to the genes of interest. Typically, the more concentrated the fluorophores, the better the contrast of the fluorescence image.
[1] [2] Autofluorescence includes the natural fluorescence emitted from the sample tissue or cell itself. Spectral overlap happens when a fluorophore has a broad emission specter, that overlaps with the specter of another fluorophore, thus giving rise to false signals.
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