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Loopback (also written loop-back) is the routing of electronic signals or digital data streams back to their source without intentional processing or modification.It is primarily a means of testing the communications infrastructure.
Retransmission, essentially identical with automatic repeat request (ARQ), is the resending of packets which have been either damaged or lost. Retransmission is one of the basic mechanisms used by protocols operating over a packet switched computer network to provide reliable communication (such as that provided by a reliable byte stream, for example TCP).
In systems management, out-of-band management (OOB; also lights-out management or LOM) is a process for accessing and managing devices and infrastructure at remote locations through a separate management plane from the production network. OOB allows a system administrator to monitor and manage servers and other network-attached equipment by ...
In telecommunications, a network interface device (NID; also known by several other names) is a device that serves as the demarcation point between the carrier's local loop and the customer's premises wiring. Outdoor telephone NIDs also provide the subscriber with access to the station wiring and serve as a convenient test point for ...
In a very simple example, a switch with three ports A, B, and C has a normal node connected to port A while ports B and C are connected to each other in a loop. All ports have the same link speed and run in full duplex mode. Now, when a broadcast frame enters the switch through port A, this frame is forwarded to all ports but the source port, i ...
The addition of nodes having IPv6 enabled by default by the software manufacturer may result in the inadvertent creation of shadow networks, causing IPv6 traffic flowing into networks having only IPv4 security management in place. This may also occur with operating system upgrades, when the newer operating system enables IPv6 by default, while ...
This generates a storm of replies to the victim host tying up network bandwidth, using up CPU resources or possibly crashing the victim. [ 3 ] In wireless networks a disassociation packet spoofed with the source to that of the wireless access point and sent to the broadcast address can generate a disassociation broadcast DOS attack.
Broken network. For example, in this illustration, node A is transmitting data to node C via node B. If the link between nodes B and C goes down and B has not yet informed node A about the breakage, node A transmits the data to node B assuming that the link A-B-C is operational and of lowest cost.