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A leadscrew (or lead screw), also known as a power screw [1] or translation screw, [2] is a screw used as a linkage in a machine, to translate turning motion into linear motion. Because of the large area of sliding contact between their male and female members, screw threads have larger frictional energy losses compared to other linkages.
A traveling-nut linear actuator has a motor that stays attached to one end of the lead screw (perhaps indirectly through a gear box), the motor spins the lead screw, and the lead nut is restrained from spinning so it travels up and down the lead screw. A traveling-screw linear actuator has a lead screw that passes entirely through the motor.
A ball screw involves significantly more parts and surface interactions than many similar systems. While a basic lead screw is composed of only a solid shaft and a solid nut with simple mating geometries, a ball screw requires precisely-formed curved contours and multi-part assemblies to facilitate the action of the bearing balls.
The lead determines the mechanical advantage of the screw; the smaller the lead, the higher the mechanical advantage. [20] The pitch is defined as the axial distance between the crests of adjacent threads. In most screws, called "single start" screws, which have a single helical thread wrapped around them, the lead and pitch are equal.
Lead (/ ˈ l iː d /) and pitch are closely related concepts. They can be confused because they are the same for most screws. Lead is the distance along the screw's axis that is covered by one complete rotation of the screw thread (360°). Pitch is the distance from the crest of one thread to the next one at the same point.
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The square thread form is a common screw thread profile, used in high load applications such as leadscrews and jackscrews. It gets its name from the square cross-section of the thread. [ 1 ] It is the lowest friction and most efficient thread form, but it is difficult to fabricate.
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