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Other antimalarials like amodiaquine, halofantrine, and hydroxychloroquine have also been linked to pruritus, albeit less frequently and to a lesser extent. [2] Another class of medications known to occasionally cause itching is known as serotonin reuptake inhibitors. [3] Itching is one of the most frequent adverse effects of opioid therapy. [4]
Senile pruritus is one of the most common conditions in the elderly or people over 65 years of age with an emerging itch that may be accompanied with changes in temperature and textural characteristics. [1] [2] [3] In the elderly, xerosis, is the most common cause for an itch due to the degradation of the skin barrier over time. [4]
Xerosis is a contributing factor to pruritus and is present in 50–85% of patients with uremic pruritus. [16] Many studies have shown that emollients such as glycerol and paraffin, [17] physiological lipids, [18] 10% urea and dexpanthenol, [19] and baby oil [20] can reduce xerosis and pruritus in patients with uremic pruritus.
Psychogenic pruritus, also known as psychogenic itch [1] or functional itch disorder [2] is pruritus not associated with a dermatologic or systemic cause. [3] More often than not, it is attributed to a psychiatric cause. Psychogenic pruritus is not the same as neuropathic itch though both are
Treatment is with topical antifungal medications and is particularly effective if symptoms have recent onset. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Prevention of recurrences include treating concurrent fungal infections and taking measures to avoid moisture build-up including keeping the groin region dry, avoiding tight clothing and losing weight if obese.
Cholestatic pruritus is the sensation of itch due to nearly any liver disease, but the most commonly associated entities are primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, obstructive choledocholithiasis, carcinoma of the bile duct, cholestasis (also see drug-induced pruritus), and chronic hepatitis C viral infection and other forms of viral hepatitis.
No definitive medical test is known for aquagenic pruritus. Rather, diagnosis is made by excluding all other possible causes of the patient's itching, including polycythemia vera. Since pruritus is a symptom of many serious diseases, it is important to rule out other causes before making a final diagnosis. [11]
Urethral syndrome is defined as symptoms suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection but in the absence of significant bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen. [1] It is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with dysuria and frequency without demonstrable infection. [2] In women, vaginitis should also be ruled out. [3]