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The basic method is to mix flour, water, salt, and yeast, allow it to ferment until gluten has developed—generally 12 hours or more, sometimes days when fermenting refrigerated—shape, proof, and bake. This lengthens the time required to produce a loaf of yeast bread, which by a kneaded method generally can be completed in three or four ...
A flour-to-water ratio of 1-to-1 results in a relatively fluid ferment. Stiffer doughs, such as 2-to-1, may also be used. After mixing it is allowed to ferment for a period of time, and then is added to the final dough as a substitute for or in addition to more yeast.
A fermentation ratio is described as the time the dough takes from leaving the mixer to just before the peak begins to fall — when degassing occurs — relative to the remaining bulk fermentation time afterwards. [26] Folding or knock back may also be omitted: after sufficient bulk fermentation time, the dough may go straight to make-up. [27]
Fermentation first arose more than 10,000 years ago, when the first known yogurt was (probably accidentally) created in North Africa, which paved the way for a crucial and healthy form of ...
In Lebanon, the mix is salted and traditionally set to ferment in large clay jars for up to three weeks, during which it is regularly kneaded. [29] Each morning the mixture is thoroughly kneaded with the hands. When fermentation is complete the kishk is spread on a clean cloth to dry, notably on the rooftops of rural dwellings. [30]
The sponge's fermentation time depends on its temperature and that of the surrounding area, the ingredients used, and the percentage amount of yeast. It ferments in a humid environment at 74–78 °F (23–26 °C), where it may rise and expand to 4-5 times its original volume, when it falls it has reached 66-70% of its allotted time.
Fermentation typically begins when viable baker's yeast or a starter culture is added to flour and water. Enzymes in the flour and yeast create sugars, which are consumed by the yeast, which in turn produce carbon dioxide and alcohol. Specifically, the grain enzyme diastase begins to convert starch in the grain to maltose.
Cauliflower, another cruciferous veggie, often used as a more nutritious alternative to rice and white flour, such as in pizza crust. One cup contains only 5 grams of carbs. It's also high in ...