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2. Condenser (optics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(optics)

   A condenser (right) and its respective diaphragm (left) A condenser is an optical lens that renders a divergent light beam from a point light source into a parallel or converging beam to illuminate an object to be imaged. Condensers are an essential part of any imaging device, such as microscopes, enlargers, slide projectors, and telescopes.

3. Pupil function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil_function

   The pupil function or aperture function describes how a light wave is affected upon transmission through an optical imaging system such as a camera, microscope, or the human eye. More specifically, it is a complex function of the position in the pupil [ 1 ] or aperture (often an iris ) that indicates the relative change in amplitude and phase ...

4. Lens controller - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_Controller

   A lens controller is device that controls motorized photographic lens functions such as zoom, focus, and iris opening . [1] Lens controllers can be found in still camera photographic lenses and as stand-alone units in machine vision , remote sensing , optoelectronics systems, and security applications.

5. Aperture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture

   A camera aperture Definitions of Aperture in the 1707 Glossographia Anglicana Nova [1] Aperture icon. In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisted of a single lens) is a hole or an opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system.

6. f-number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number

   Diagram of decreasing apertures, that is, increasing f-numbers, in one-stop increments; each aperture has half the light-gathering area of the previous one.. An f-number is a measure of the light-gathering ability of an optical system such as a camera lens.

7. Optical transfer function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_transfer_function

   The optical transfer function of a well-focused (a), and an out-of-focus optical imaging system without aberrations (d). As the optical transfer function of these systems is real and non-negative, the optical transfer function is by definition equal to the modulation transfer function (MTF).

8. Dark-field microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy

   In optical microscopes a darkfield condenser lens must be used, which directs a cone of light away from the objective lens. To maximize the scattered light-gathering power of the objective lens, oil immersion is used and the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens must be less than 1.0. Objective lenses with a higher NA can be used but ...

9. Optical resolution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_resolution

   The ability of a lens to resolve detail is usually determined by the quality of the lens, but is ultimately limited by diffraction.Light coming from a point source in the object diffracts through the lens aperture such that it forms a diffraction pattern in the image, which has a central spot and surrounding bright rings, separated by dark nulls; this pattern is known as an Airy pattern, and ...