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Brown and Levinson outline four main types of politeness strategies: bald on-record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off-record (indirect) as well as simply not using the face-threatening act. Jonathan Culpeper also used these strategies and added on them in his impolitness theory.
The agreement maxim runs as follows: "Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other; maximize the expression of agreement between self and other." It is in line with Brown and Levinson's positive politeness strategies of "seek agreement" and "avoid disagreement", to which they attach great importance. However, it is not being ...
Cartoon in Punch magazine: 28 July 1920. Politeness is the practical application of good manners or etiquette so as not to offend others and to put them at ease. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context.
Positive face is "the positive consistent self-image or 'personality' (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants" Negative face is "the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non- distraction —i.e., to freedom of action and freedom from imposition"
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An 85-year Harvard study determined that the positive relationships you cultivate in your life have a huge impact on your longevity, health, and happiness. They make you more resilient to stress ...
Image credits: Wm Homer #8. Honesty and integrity. Following through and following up with people. This is the best cheat code. Following through with something is the way to form good ...
Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson. 1978. Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. Questions and politeness: strategies in social interaction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–311. Gillian Sankoff and Penelope Brown. 1976. The origins of syntax in discourse: A case study of Tok Pisin relatives. Language 52:3 pp. 631–666.